Philosophy Of Science Perspective Research Articles

Economic models and their flexible interpretations: a philosophy of science perspective

ABSTRACT We mobilise contemporary philosophy of science to further clarify observations on economic modelling made by Gilboa et al. (2023). We adopt a normative stance towards these modelling practices to identify the extent to which they are epistemically justified. Our message is simple: many of the distinctions proposed by Gilboa et al. (2023) are useful, but without the proper qualifications, too much flexibility in choosing the right interpretation risks downplaying the crucial role that empirical evidence should play in any modelling endeavour.

Why Citicoline (A Medical Food) Should Not be Prescribed to Treat People with Acute Ischemic Stroke: The Certainty of the Evidence

Background: Citicoline, a medical food prescribed for ischemic stroke, faces scrutiny due to itsb unproven ef icacy and potential harms. This essay, drawing on a recent Cochrane review and focusing solely on all-cause mortality, advocates for a critical reevaluation of its use. Rather than of ering an updated Cochrane review, this analysis provides a reflective perspective through the lens of Evidence-based Medicine and Philosophy of Science. Question Research: Why citicoline (a medical food) should not be prescribed to treat people with acute ischemic stroke: The certainty of the Evidence.? Objective: Demonstrate from evidence-based medicine and philosophy of science perspective that citicoline should not be prescribed for acute ischemic stroke due to lack of ef icacy and harm uncertainties. Search publications: We searched in PubMed and Cochrane Library from 2020 until 30 October 2023. We, furthermore, used engineering machines Bing and Google Scholar to detec additional papers. Additionally, we also reviewed reference lists of the retrieved publications and review articles and searched the websites of the U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA). Selection criteria: We included systematic reviews, meta-analyses, randomized clinical trials, clinical guidelines focused on acute ischemic stroke and comparing citicoline versus placebo or no intervention. We excluded narrative reviews, observational studies and ongoing trials.

Building Better Theories: Prediction Intervals as a Tool for Theory Testing and Improvement

The precision with which a theory predicts behavior speaks both to the quality of that theory and to its potential utility in real-world applications. Unfortunately, predictive precision is frequently overlooked when evaluating theories in social psychology. Here we call attention to the benefits of placing more emphasis on predictive precision. We define what we mean by predictive precision, consider its role in theory evaluation from a philosophy of science perspective, and suggest a method for quantifying it: by constructing prediction intervals. A prediction interval is the range of values within which an empirical observation (e.g., a sample mean) is expected to fall some specified percentage (e.g., 95%) of the time. The size of a prediction interval reflects the degree of fluctuation in the empirical observations expected by theory, and so the precision of its prediction. Prediction intervals are useful because they simplify theory testing and provide a metric by which theory improvement—and so scientific progress—can be gauged. Prediction intervals are easily created when theories are expressed formally as agent-based models. We illustrate the process of creating and using prediction intervals in three detailed examples, each involving a different agent-based model concerned with the behavior of small interacting groups.

Relationship Quality in Online Marketing From the Philosophy of Science Perspective

This study explores the concept of relationship quality from the philosophy of science. The study focuses on the scientific paradigm that forms the foundation and core of research. Relationship quality emphasizes the importance of strong relationships in creating value for customers and maintaining their loyalty in the long term. Marketing has evolved from a product-oriented approach to a customer relationship-oriented approach, making relationship quality the key to competitive advantage. This study examines the philosophical perspective of science concerning ontology, epistemology, methodology, and axiology. The research method employed is a literature review to explore the development of research on relationship quality. Mapping previous research from 2016 to 2023 provides insights into the latest trends related to the concept of relationship quality in the domain of online marketing. The results identify information sharing, online relationship bonds, and customer experience as antecedent variables of relationship quality, while the consequence variables include the intention to co-create brand value. This study proposes a research model of relationship quality from these antecedent and consequence variables.

Property and “le Propre”

This paper is concerned with Michel Serres’s critique of property. Through the concept of ‘le propre,’ which in French can mean both ‘clean’ and ‘one’s own,’ and a naturalist reading of Rousseau, he proposes a ‘stercorian’ eco-criticism of property. Focusing on concepts of limits provides a fruitful angle from which to illuminate Serres’s critique of law and property. The first section will introduce Serres as a thinker of limits, borders, and boundaries. In the second and third parts, attention will be drawn to his eco-criticism of law and property from a feminist and philosophy of science perspective, concluding with a fourth part, in which Serres’s approach will be contextualized in relation to other naturalisms. His work has far-reaching consequences for discourses of human agency in the context of the Anthropocene and makes a crucial contribution to how a new naturalist criticism of property might be conceived.

Characteristics of Legal Science as Sui Generis

Philosophy is a process of reasoning in thinking to make a conclusion to gain knowledge, because humans are thinking creatures, every attitude and action must come from knowledge based on the thinking process. Until now, the position of legal science is still debated because law is perspective and normative, the characteristics of legal science are doubtful in social science or humanities because it has its own characteristics, called sui generis. This research aims to examine the characteristics of legal science as sui generis from the perspective of the philosophy of science. The research method uses normative juridical with secondary data analysis that is related with the problem in a descriptive-qualitative with a philosophy of science perspective. The results showed that the parameters of sui generis can be seen from the perspective of normative science, terminology in a broad and narrow sense, the type and scope of knowledge in normative science and empirical science, also layers of legal science in the form of legal dogmatics, legal theory, and legal philosophy law. Legal science need to understand the history of development of law as the key to identifying sui generis characteristics through analysis of legal theory, legal concepts, and legal principles philosophically in certain conceptual viewpoints as fundamental to legal science, apart from that, legal research is also needed.

"Molecular Biology"-Pleonasm or Denotation for a Discipline of Its Own? Reflections on the Origins of Molecular Biology and Its Situation Today.

The disciplinary identity of molecular biology has frequently been called into question. Although the debates might sometimes have been more about creating or debunking myths, defending intellectual territory and the distribution of resources, there are interesting underlying questions about this area of biology and how it is conceptually organized. By looking at the history of molecular biology, its origins and development, I examine the possible criteria for its status as a scientific discipline. Doing so allows us to answer the title question in such a way that offers a reasonable middle ground, where molecular biology can be properly viewed as a viable interdisciplinary program that can very well be called a discipline in its own right, even if no strict boundaries can be established. In addition to this historical analysis, a couple of systematic issues from a philosophy of science perspective allow for some assessment of the current situation and the future of molecular biology.

When, How, and Why Did “Pain” Become Subjective?

The pain-assessment literature often claims that pain is subjective. However, the meaning and implications of this claim are left to the reader’s imagination. This paper attempts to make sense of the claim and its problems from the history and philosophy of science perspective. It examines the work of Henry Beecher, the first person to operationalize “pain” in terms of subjective measurements. First, I reconstruct Beecher’s operationalization of “pain.” Next, I argue this operationalization fails. Third, I salvage Beecher’s insights by repositioning them in an intersubjective account. Finally, I connect these insights to current pain-assessment approaches, showing that they enrich each other.

Nature and causes of questionable research practice and research misconduct from a philosophy of science perspective

ABSTRACT Misconduct in science is often viewed and analyzed through the lenses of normative ethics and moral philosophy. However, notions and methods in the philosophy of science could also provide rather penetrative explanatory insights into the nature and causes of scientific misconduct. A brief illustration in this regard, using as examples the widely popular Popperian falsification and the Kuhnian scientific paradigm, is provided. In multiple areas of scientific research, failure to seek falsification in a Popperian manner constitutes a questionable research practice and could lead to “falsification” in the context of research misconduct. On the other hand, scientific misconduct is often facilitated by its perpetrators using the familiarity, expectations and confines of a Kuhnian paradigm to blend in fabricated data/results. A rudimentary application of these philosophical notions could be useful in our understanding of the nature and cause of research misconduct, and facilitate mitigation of the latter through educational means.

All we like sheep: The need for reflection and reflexivity in I-O psychology

AbstractIn recent years, various I-O psychologists have raised concerns about the state of the field, with some arguing that we are experiencing a collective identity crisis and have lost our way. In this article, I explore why these concerns have emerged by reviewing the development of our field from a philosophy of science perspective. Then I discuss how the concepts of reflection and reflexivity can help us clarify our professional worldviews and find a way forward. I conclude by suggesting ways to incorporate reflection and reflexivity into I-O research and practice. My hope is to spark a conversation about the role that reflection and reflexivity could play in our field.

A philosophical perspective about the origin, evolution and distribution of life in the Universe

AbstractThe main idea is to present the general aspects of the origin, evolution and distribution of life in the Universe from a Philosophy of Science perspective. The methodology used to develop this paper was through the intersection of favourable and unfavourable arguments from practitioners of science in the field of modern Astrobiology. The results were quite interesting and the historical crossover between the different arguments provides a great perspective on the research programme for the search for extraterrestrial life. Finally, although there is in fact no evidence that extraterrestrial life exists, the search for extraterrestrial life should not be considered as mere speculation. In the end, there are increasing indications that something extraordinary may be about to be found, whether on Mars, Europa, Enceladus or on some exoplanet.

Maqashid al-Syari'ah: Philosophical Review of the concept of Thair ibn 'Asyur

This manuscript attempts to elaborate on the concept of maqashid al-syari'ah as a separate science based on Ibn 'Asyur perspective. It examines the concept using a philosophy of science perspective whether Ibn 'Asyur's idea has met the scientific criteria. It also uses library research within a content analysis theory. The main source of this manuscript derived from the book Maqashid al-Syari'ah al-Islamiyah by Ibn 'Asyur published by Dar al-Nafais. The result shows that the concept of maqashid al-syari'ah Ibn 'Asyur contains scientific criteria based on assumption, ontology, epistemology, and axiology.

Initiating The Concept of Sui Generis of the Legal Protection of Communal Intellectual Property in The Philosophy of Science Perspective

This study aims to answer how the protection of Communal Intellectual Property rights in Indonesia and how the concept of sui generis can be applied from the perspective of the philosophy of science. The research method used is a doctrinal legal research method with an approach to legislation, legal concepts, and theories through literature search. The results show that until now Indonesia has recorded and documented the Communal Intellectual Property, both by the Directorate General of Intellectual Property of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights and the Directorate General of Culture of the Ministry of Education and Culture. Including the recording and registration of Intangible Cultural Heritage to UNESCO. However, legal protection of Communal Intellectual Property cannot be carried out optimally considering that several laws and regulations governing Communal Intellectual Property, especially those related to Traditional Cultural Expressions, are not in harmony with one another, besides thatno law specifically regulates this Communal Intellectual Property. On the other hand, considering the problems that are not easy to regulate, considering intellectual property protection which is individual protection while Intellectual Property Rights arecommunal. Therefore, Indonesia needs to immediately regulate the protection of Communal Intellectual Property in the form of law through the idea of the sui generis concept.

Mystical experiences without mysticism: An argument for mystical fictionalism in psychedelics

Abstract Mystical experiences frequently precede decreases in human suffering or increased functioning. Therapies that include the ingestion of psychoactive substances in supportive environments often lead to improvements that correlate with the magnitude of the mystical experiences generated. A close look at these phenomena from a philosophy of science perspective might put empiricists in a quandary. Arguments with critics of the import of these mystical experiences, prohibitionists, or others who are apprehensive about psychedelic-assisted treatments, might prove awkward or difficult given the tacit assertion that the mystical genuinely exists. The assumption might even dampen theorizing in ways that remain outside of theorists' awareness. The predicament might lack the epistemic humility ideal for good science as well. Nevertheless, abandoning the construct of mystical experiences would require ignoring compelling, replicated empirical work. We argue that a version of philosophical fictionalism that draws on research in logic and linguistics can help investigators engage in this discourse without implying a belief in the mystical. Comparable approaches have proven helpful in mathematics and empiricism more broadly. Mystical fictionalism could help theorists view reports of mystical experiences as true even if the mystical fails to be veridical. The approach creates an expressive advantage that could assist researchers and theorists eager to refine our understanding of mystical experiences and improve psychedelic-assisted treatments. Mystical fictionalism might also inspire novel looks at correlates of mystical experiences that might serve as mediators of their effects, potentially generating models with comparable explanatory power that sidestep the need for a fictionalist approach.

Weberian ideal type construction as concept replacement

AbstractThis paper contains a novel and coherent reading of Weberian ideal type construction, based on recent philosophical approaches to conceptual engineering. This reading makes transparent the dialectics of Weber's approach, resulting in a more nuanced interpretation of his methodological work. It will become apparent that Weber, when introducing his notion of an ideal type, did not merely summarize his views on methodology in the social sciences, but, rather, presented a two‐step argument in favor of these views. The reconstruction will directly bear on issues in the methodology of the social sciences. Weber not only presented a methodology that is, at some level of abstraction, strikingly similar to Carnapian explication (the canonical point of reference in the contemporary debate on conceptual engineering). He also diagnosed, in a systematic fashion, types of problems we face when dealing with ordinary and scientific concepts that play a key role in the description of social reality, and he foreshadowed what is today sometimes described as “debunking” projects. From a philosophy of science perspective, I propose Weber's view (on the reconstruction proposed here) as a serious candidate for an adequate theory of concept replacement in the social sciences.

Philosophical Bases of Scientific Ethics in Adherence to Scientific Method

Considerations on scientific ethics for science student are exposed which are required in order to achieve an adequate formation consistent with the intelectual nature of the pursued scientific investiture. This situation is analyzed from the philosophy of science perspective which in this case is strongly supported on the empirical basis of scientific praxis. The philosophical bases for understanding ethics are explained remarking the influence of various philosophical doctrines or schools of thought and underlyning the confusion between moral and ethical perspectives. Consequently, scientific ethics requires handling a proper concept of science, and of scientific method including the debate on its non-existence which lacks basis on philosophy of science. Thus, questions such as: why am I a scientist? what is science? what is scientific method? why do we publish? and, what scientific ethics actually is and how it influences science students? should be considered and coupled with the philosophical doctrines that led us to the praxis of a scientific calling, such as romanticism, existencialism, positivism, rationalism, and empirism, among others. That is, it is an ethical requirement to recognize and consider the philosophical bases of science for the praxis of scientific research. As corolary, it is pertinent to state that ignoring ethics and its philosophical bases may constitute a deficiency in education of science students.

Metagenomics approaches in microbial ecology and research for sustainable agriculture

Technologies such as next generation sequencing (NGS) are transforming research fields at the methodological, conceptual, and organizational level. They open up new possibilities and bring with them new commitments and inherent limitations. We show from a philosophy of science perspective how NGS-based metagenomics has transformed microbial ecology and, with it, parts of agricultural soil science, which integrate ecological approaches with the aim to inform agricultural practices. We reconstruct agricultural science as design science (sensu Niiniluoto) and describe how the possibilities, commitments, and limitations of metagenomics approaches in microbial ecology shape values, situation assessments, and recommendations for interventions of soil microbiology in the context of sustainable agriculture.

Study of Internet and Social Media Addiction in Indonesia during Covid-19

Since February 2020, Indonesia was struck by the Covid-19 pandemic. This led to the imposition of Large-scale Social Restrictions. The government issued a policy of working from home, learning from home, and worshiping at home. To carry out their activities from home, people are becoming increasingly dependent on the internet. With the increasing use of the internet during this pandemic, we are conducting a study on whether there is a phenomenon of internet addiction and social media in Indonesia. A survey of 2309 respondents from 31 provinces in Indonesia using Kimberley Young's Internet Addiction Test (IAT) has been conducted. After the data cleaning process to remove redundant data, only data from 2206 respondents were analyzed further with the binary logistic regression method. 25% of respondents were indicated with Internet addiction. High school students and college students tend to have a 1.7% higher risk of addiction. The length of time accessing e-commerce web and social media also increases the risk of internet addiction. YouTube and Instagram are social media applications that tend to pose a risk of addiction to respondents. A critical analysis of the Internet Addiction Test from a Philosophy of Science perspective was conducted. Finally, we formulate recommendations on strategies the government and society could take in dealing with the problem of internet addiction.

Scientia Sacra on Philosophy of Science Perspective and Its Relevance to Discourse of Scientific Integration

This research aims to explore Scientia Sacra using the theoretical framework of the philosophy of science and reveal its relevance to the integration of sciences. The discourse about the integration of sciences become a philosophical debate among Muslim experts. It had happened after modern philosophy began in the 15th century. Using a philosophical and historical approach, the researcher found a suitable scientific framework for the development of science, both modern science and Islamic Science. The scientific framework is based on the concept of Scientia Sacra, which can be included in every aspect of science. All of the sciences are a unity which the source is from God. The paradigm of modern philosophy has made the dichotomy between modern science and Islamic science, between the sacred science and the profane. Tulisan ini hendak mengeksplorasi Scientia Sacra Seyyed Hossein Nasr dengan menggunakan kerangka Filsafat Ilmu dan mengungkap relevansi dengan integrasi keilmuan. Wacana integrasi ilmu marak menjadi perdebatan di kalangan intelektual muslim. Hal itu terjadi setelah filsafat modern dimulai sejak abad 15 M. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan filsafat ilmu dan historis, peneliti menemukan kerangka keilmuan yang tepat bagi pengembangan ilmu-ilmu, baik ilmu modern, maupun ilmu-ilmu Islam. Kerangka keilmuan tersebut didasari atas konsep Scientia Sacra yang dapat masuk dalam setiap aspek ilmu pengetahuan. Pada dasarnya ilmu pengetahuan adalah satu kesatuan dimana bersumber dari Tuhan. Paradigma Filsafat Modern telah menjadikan dikotomi ilmu pengetahuan antara yang sakral dan profan.

The Hierarchy-of-Hypotheses Approach from a Philosophy of Science Perspective

Abstract I investigate Heger and Jeschke's account of hierarchies of hypotheses (HoHs) from a philosophy of science perspective. HoHs can be theory driven or evidence driven. Theory-driven HoHs fit well with standard representations of hierarchical theory nets (HTNs) in the philosophy of science. A disadvantage of the development of theory-driven HoHs is that they neglect hypotheses describing the effects of combinations of causes; this disadvantage can be removed by adding an additional layer of system conditions. Evidence-driven HoHs additionally include kinds of empirical tests by means of which certain hypotheses in the HoH are tested. This aspect of HoHs goes beyond standard HTNs in the philosophy of science and is highly fruitful; however, it leads to certain problems concerning the relation between causal hypotheses and empirically testable correlation claims.